Mars posted:ba$eman posted:Mars posted:ba$eman posted:Mars posted:Bibi Haniffa posted:"The Venezuelan government showed almost immediate disapproval with the 1899 Arbitral Award. As early as October 7, 1899 Venezuela voiced her condemnation of the Award, and demanded the renegotiation of her eastern border with British Guiana: that day, Venezuelan Foreign Minister José Andrade made clear that the Arbitral Award was the product of political collusion and it should not be adhered to by Venezuela. After numerous bilateral diplomatic attempts failed to convince Great Britain of her seriousness to nullify the award, Venezuela denounced it before the first assembly of the United Nations, in 1945."
What nonsense are you bringing up now that there is proof of the land belonging to Venezuela? That's one good reason why you people should be left to languish in the opposition. You traitors will sell out our country to Madburro and his henchmen. Venezuela accepted the 1899 award as final for many decades until some jackass brought up a Nancy story in the 1940's claiming that there was collusion between the judges in 1899. Even in the face of that allegation, Venezuela accepted the 1899 ruling as binding until 1962. Look go and read your history. Even PPP stalwart Mr. Ishmael knows better than you traitors who are willing to hand over the country to Venezuela.
http://www.coha.org/guyana-ven...itral-award-of-1899/
Excerpts from the article -
The tribunal and the award
The arbitral tribunal was finally set up in 1898 and began to receive written submissions from Venezuela and Great Britain. Oral presentations were made by the legal team on each side from June to September 1899 and finally, on October 3, the tribunal announced its award by upholding Great Britain’s ownership of most of the claimed territory west of the Essequibo River but denying the British entitlement to the upper Cuyuni basin and an area of land on the eastern bank near the mouth of the Orinoco River. Thus ended the dispute which had existed since 1840.
The territory awarded to the British (on behalf of colonial British Guiana) included a 4,000 square-mile block south of the Pakaraima Mountains bordered by the Cotinga River on the west, the Takutu River on the south and the Ireng River on the east and north. (This portion of territory, originally claimed by Venezuela in its case before the arbitral tribunal, was awarded to Brazil on June 6, 1904, following another arbitration conducted by the King of Italy after the Brazilian government claimed ownership based on historical occupation. When Venezuela in 1962 renewed its claim to the territory west of the Essequibo River on its alleged grounds that the 1899 award was null and void, that nation did not make any claim—and has never since made any—to that section of territory awarded to Brazil.)
Both Venezuela and Great Britain accepted the award of the tribunal and, in keeping with it, a mixed boundary commission appointed jointly by the two countries, carried out a survey and demarcation, between 1901 and 1905, of the boundary as stipulated by the award with an adjustment based on the British Guiana-Brazilian arbitration award.
The resulting boundary line was set out on a map signed by the boundary commissioners in Georgetown, British Guiana, on January 7, 1905. A separate agreement signed three days later by the commissioners stipulated: “That they regard this agreement as having a perfectly official character with respect to the acts and rights of both governments in the territory demarcated. . .” [Agreement Between the British and Venezuelan Boundary Commissioners with Regard to the Map of the Boundary, January 10, 1905]
Twenty-six years later, in 1931, a boundary commission made up of representatives from Great Britain, Venezuela and Brazil made special astronomical, geodesical and topographical observations on Mount Roraima so as to fix the specific point where the boundaries of Brazil, Venezuela and British Guiana should meet. Diplomatic notes were exchanged among the three nations on October 7 and November 3, 1932, by which they expressed agreement on the specific location of the tri-junction meeting point of the boundaries. A concrete pyramid marker was soon after erected there. The matter of the border was then considered permanently settled.
Significantly, by its rejection of the 1899 arbitral award, Venezuela has also unilaterally thrown out its own tripartite agreement of 1932 with Brazil that the peak of Mount Roraima forms the meeting point of the boundaries between those countries and Guyana.
Venezuela’s renewed claim
It was clear that Venezuela had accepted the 1899 award as a final settlement of the border dispute. Even as late as 1941, the Venezuelan minister of foreign affairs, Esteban Gil Borges, agreed that the frontier with British Guiana was well defined and was a closed issue.
Indeed in that year, Borges told the British representative in Caracas that his government was definitely of the opinion that the boundary question was a chose jugeé, that the Venezuelan‑British Guiana frontier was final and well defined, and that the author of articles in the Venezuelan press about that time, questioning the 1899 award, “had obviously never had access to the archives of his ministry.” [Guyana Journal, Vol. 1, No. 2, December 1968]
I don't want to sound unpatriotic, but Bibi does have a point. The Venezuelans view the 1899 as being strong armed by the then superpowers, UK, Russia, etc in the "Concert of Europe" which preceded the League of Nations. The US sided with the Venez however, the US was not the big power back then!
With the rise of the US, the Venez saw an opportunity to revive/reopen the issue and exploited the new world order in the run up to independence. The PNC, wanting to out-do the PPP and take Guyana independence, accepted an amendment to the 1899 award in the independence document creating an opening for a Venez hook. This was done against the objection of the UK and the PPP/Jagan. Jagan warned it creates a major compromise to Guyana's sovereignty, but the the PNC [traitors] wanted power so bad.
So, let's say the PPP made some tactical mistakes, but the PNC made one major strategic [potentially existential] blunder for which the nation will continue to pay a heavy price, relegating it to perpetual poverty and left to the mercy of the much larger Venez! Had the PNC held the PPP line, it could have delayed independence, but the Venez would have been denied a [arguably] legal basis for their claim.
How you you measure treachery?
The 1899 award was accepted by Venezuela for forty five years. You don't come back after accepting the border for forty five years and then suddenly decide that you want more land than was settled for in the agreement. They were happy with the award because they also got a large swath of land in the deal. Land that they do not plan to relinquish but want to take ours. Y'all need to read Ishmael's article in full before you make false statements on this dispute. Here's the link - http://www.coha.org/guyana-ven...itral-award-of-1899/ . Read it. The UK were not against the 1966 Geneva Agreement. There were a party to the agreement and they had to resolve it before handing over Guyana for independence in 1966. The '66 agreement does not nullify the 1899 award. Again read Ishmael before you embarrass yourself because y'all certainly don't know what you're talking about. Ishmael - "Significantly, the wording of the November 1965 joint communiqué and the Geneva Agreement on this specific issue is identical. Obviously, this language specified that the parties should continue to investigation and research the issue to determine if there were any grounds to support nullity of the arbitral award of 1899.
Evidently, this could not mean that the United Kingdom, British Guiana and Venezuela had agreed that the border between British Guiana and Venezuela should be revised. All it allowed for was to facilitate an examination of documents in order to put the Venezuelan contention to rest.
Over the years, since 1966, Venezuela has spread the propaganda that the arbitral award is null and void. By doing so, Venezuela contradicts the terms of the Geneva Agreement. And more recently, it has been expressing the view that the “territorial dispute” is “inherited from British colonialism.” The view is patently false since the land boundary between Guyana and Venezuela was permanently and definitively delimited by the international arbitration on October 3, 1899."
In that case, why is it necessary to take the matter to the international court for resolution? If it's legal, it's legal! Clearly, there is an opening the Venez and international community view as legit, thus the referral to the international court!
... The 1966 agreement was not to nullify the 1899 award but just to investigate the validity of Venezuela's claims.... .
So we have come full circle. You remind me of a manager at my office. She immediately disagree, then give a long-winded convoluted argument, and then come back to your original position and then say, yes see, I told you so!!
Cut to the chase banna!
Here you go...enjoy!