BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:         PAGE 3

AKHMAD KADYROV MOSQUE: GROZNY CHECHNYA

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:        

AKHMAD KADYROV MOSQUE: GROZNY CHECHNYA

The Akhmad Kadyrov Mosque located in Grozny, the capital of Chechnya. It is the largest mosques in Russia and is officially known as the "The Heart of Chechnya" 

The mosque is named after Akhmad Kadyrov who commissioned its construction from the mayor of Konya. The mosque design with a set of 62-metre (203 ft)-tall minarets is based on the Blue Mosque in Istanbul.

On October 16, 2008, the mosque was officially opened in a ceremony in which Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov spoke and was with Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin. In this mosque, ten thousand Muslims can pray at a time.

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:       

AKHMAD KADYROV MOSQUE: GROZNY CHECHNYA

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

AL RAHMAN MOSQUE: ALEPPO: SYRIA

AR RAHMAN MOSQUE: ALEPPO: SYRIA

Ar-Rahman Mosque is a contemporary mosque in Aleppo, Syria, located on King Faisal Street. It was opened in 1978 and features a combined style of the early Umayyad architecture and modern mosques. It has a large central dome surrounded with 2 high and 4 shorter rectangular minarets. The external walls of the mosque are decorated with stones in the form of traditional Quran pages, inscribed with some verses from the Sura Ar Rahman.

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

THE GREAT MOSQUE: ALEPPO: SYRIA

The Great Mosque of Aleppo or the Umayyad Mosque of Aleppo is the largest and one of the oldest mosques in the city of Aleppo, Syria. It is located in al-Jalloum district of the Ancient City of Aleppo, a World Heritage Site, near the entrance to al Madina Souq. The mosque is purportedly home to the remains of Zechariah, the father of John the Baptist. It was built in the beginning of the 8th century. However, the current building dates back to the 11th through 14th centuries. The minaret was built in 1090, and was destroyed during fighting in the Syrian civil war in April 2013.

The site of the Great Mosque was once the agora of the Hellinistic period, which later became the garden for the Cathedral of Saint Helena during the Christian era of Roman rule in Syria.

The mosque was built on confiscated land that formerly served as the Cathedral cemetery. According to later traditions, the construction of the earliest mosque on the site was commenced by the Ummayad caliph Al Walid I in 715 and was finished by his successor Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik in 717. Architectural historian K.A.C. Creswell attributes its construction solely to the latter, quoting 13th century Aleppine historian Ibn al Adim who wrote Sulayman's intent was "to make it equal to the work of his brother al-Walid in the Great Mosque at Damascus." Another tradition claims al-Walid founded the mosque using materials from the so-called "Church of Cyrrus."

However, architectural historian Jere L. Bacharach writes that the most likely patron of the mosque was Maslamah ibn Abd al Malik, a brother of al-Walid and Sulayman who served as the governor of the local province (JundQinnasrin) sometime prior to 710 until at least the early period of Sulayman's rule. Accordingly, this would explain the belief that the mosque's construction took place during the reign of both caliphs. Moreover, Maslamah's governorship of Qinnasrin was largely ignored by the early Arabic historians, who focused their attention on his campaigns against the Byzantine Empire and the Armenians, and his governorship over the provinces of Iraq, Iranian Azerbaijan, Upper Mesopotamia and armenia. Bacharach further states that Maslamah's commissioning of a large congregational mosque in Aleppo, a major base from which to attack the Byzantines, would have "been appropriate, if not necessary."

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

THE GREAT MOSQUE: ALEPPO: SYRIA

THE GREAT MOSQUE: ALEPPO: SYRIA

THE INTERIOR SECTION

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

THE GREAT MOSQUE: ALEPPO: SYRIA

Courtyard of the Great Mosque of Aleppo, Syria

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

THE NUR ASTANA MOSQUE IN KAZAKHSTAN

THE NUR ASTANA MOSQUE IN KAZAKHSTAN

The Nur-Astana Mosque is a mosque located in the city of Astana, the capital of Kazakhstan. It is the largest mosque of Kazakhstan and the biggest mosque in Central Asia. The 40-meter (131-foot) height symbolizes the age of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) of when he received the revelations, and the height of the minarets are 63 meters (207 foot), the age Muhammad was when he died.

The mosque is located at the left riverbank in the city of Astana, construction first started in March 2005. The mosque was a gift in accordance with the agreement of the Kazakhstan President, Nursultan Nazarbayey and the Emir of Qatar, Hamad bin Khalifa. It has a capacity of 5,000 worshippers inside the mosque, including 2,000 for worshippers outside the mosque. The structure is made of glass, concrete, granite and alucobond measures.

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

THE NUR ASTANA MOSQUE IN KAZAKHSTAN

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

THE NUR ASTANA MOSQUE IN KAZAKHSTAN

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

THE NUR ASTANA MOSQUE IN KAZAKHSTAN

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

THE NUR ASTANA MOSQUE IN KAZAKHSTAN

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

THE BLUE MOSQUE OF MALAYSIA:

Officially known as the Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz  Mosque, this is the county of Malaysia largest Mosque. Most famous for its iconic its Blue and Silver Dome. The Mosque has a minaret at each corner. The mosque is filled with beautiful calligraphy work and carvings of Quranic Verses. Because of its Blue Stained Glass Windows, the mosque has a peaceful blueish ambiance on sunny days.

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

THE BLUE MOSQUE OF MALAYSIA:

 Masjid Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah: It is regarded as one of the ten most beautiful mosque of Malaysia. The mosque is a holy place of superlatives that can accommodate about 24,000 worshippers at any one given time.

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

THE BLUE MOSQUE OF MALAYSIA:

The Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Mosque (Malay: Masjid Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz) is the state mosque of Selangor, Malaysia. It is located in Shah Alam. It is the country's largest mosque and also the second largest mosque in Southeast Asia after Istiglal Mosque Jakarta in Indonesia. Its most distinguishing feature is its large blue and silver dome. The mosque has four minarets, one erected at each of the corners.

The mosque was commissioned by the late Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz, when he declared Shah Alam as the new capital of Selangor on 14 February 1974. Construction began in 1982 and finished on 11 March 1988. The Mosque is also known as the Blue Mosque owing to its blue dome. The building has the distinction of having the largest religious dome in the world, it measures 51.2 m (167 ft) in diameter and reaches 106.7 m (350 ft) above ground level. The four minarets, each reaching 142.3 m (460 ft) above ground level are the 2nd tallest in the world, the distinction of the world's highest being held by the Hassan II Mosque in Casablanca Morocco,  In its early years, the mosque was listed in the Guinness World Records as having the tallest minaret in the world before being supplanted by the 210 m (689 ft) at the Hassan II Mosque when that structure was inaugurated in August 1993. The Blue Mosque (Masjid Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz) does however still maintain the distinction of having the world's tallest group of minarets as the set of four each stand at 142.3 m (460 ft) above ground level.

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

THE BLUE MOSQUE OF MALAYSIA:

At the hallway (first floor) of the mosque.

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

THE BLUE MOSQUE OF MALAYSIA:

A night's view of the Malaysian Blue Mosque

The architectural design of Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Mosque is a combination of Malay and Modernist style.

The main dome of the mosque measures 51.2 m (167 ft) in diameter and 106.7 m (350 ft) in height from the ground level. It is constructed primarily from aluminium. The minarets are placed at each of the four corners and are 142.3 m (460 ft) tall.

Elements of Malay and Islamic architecture are incorporated into the finishes of the building. Fine decorative khat (arabic calligraphy) can be seen on the inner curve of the dome and parts of the walls. The calligraphy work was executed by the Egyptian Calligrapher Shiekh Abdel Moneim Mohamed Ali El Sharkawi. Aluminium grills of intricate design can be found on the doorways, windows and walls of the Mosque. The windows are fitted with blue stained in order to reduce the amount of light that can enter the hall. The resulting filtered illumination renders a bluish ambiance to the interior spaces evoking a sense of peace and serenity. The high ceiling has triangular panels of red balau and ramin timber wood that are set in crisscrossing pattern. The dome is constructed of aluminium and the outer surface is clad with vitreous enamel-baked triangular steel panels decorated with a rosette of verses from the Qur'an. The main prayer hall is over two levels, is fully carpeted and air conditioned and is one of the largest such spaces in the world. The upper gallery of the prayer hall is reserved for the use of female worshippers. The second floor houses a gallery, the ground floor contains the administrative office, conference rooms, library, reception and lecture rooms.

The Blue Mosque overlooks the Garden of Islamic Arts, a landscaped park inspired by the Quranic Garden of Paradise (Jannah). This 14 hectares of spiritual sanctuary houses nine galleries exhibiting a rich array of Islamic arts such as calligraphy, sculptures, paintings and architecture. The site is occasionally used for traditional Islamic performances.

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

SULTAN SULAIMAN ROYAL MOSQUE: MALAYSIA

Build in Klang, this is the Royal Mosque in the state of Selangor. This mosque design is neo-classical architecture. The main building of this mosque is octogonal. The domes are semi circular and painted yellow to represent the color of Royalty. Its main dome is double layered with a small dome on top of the larger one. The British influence is evident through Tartarius relief style. This can be seen through structural reinforcement in the mosque or at the windows and doors.

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

SULTAN SULAIMAN ROYAL MOSQUE: MALAYSIA

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

SULTAN SULAIMAN ROYAL MOSQUE: MALAYSIA

The concept design of the Sultan Sulaiman Mosque in Klang is quite different from any of the existing mosque in the state as well as in Malaysia. From the results of reading history books Malaysia, some say Sultan Sulaiman Mosque influence of Islamic architecture blends Moorish, neoclassical and English . Others say that the mosque's Art Deco concept for minimal decorative elements used here. Use simple geometry in plan mosque also lead to Western Art Deco. There are still elements of classical, especially on the pole, but it is quite minimal. Semicircular shaped dome of the mosque (partially hemisphere) egg yellow (not golden). Large dome of the main prayer space surrounded by several smaller domes.

There are eight small towers around the mosque and a large tower in the middle and higher entrance from the main porch. The tower is also decorated with yellow dome at the summit. Architect who designed the mosque is Leofric Kesteven. The mosque can accommodate about 1,000 pilgrims at a time. The present mosque has been through a number of processes and internal modifications in the 'courtyard' building. Original design is like a cross bar when viewed from above, as is so often used in church plans in Europe. But now form the Sultan Suleiman Mosque already looks like a square customization of the Selangor Islamic Religious Department (JAIS).

The main prayer room Sultan Sulaiman Mosque octagon shaped (octagonal) at the bottom and start to turn into a circular shape at the level of 10 meters. Side of the main dome can be picked up because it has two levels as balconies. Second level can be accessed with 'catladder'. There was a layer of decorative iron frame under the dome used to support the 'glass color' compiled pattern.

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

SULTAN AHMAD SHAH MOSQUE: MALAYSIA

SULTAN AHMAD SHAH MOSQUE: MALAYSIA ALSO KNOWN AS THE STATE MOSQUE OF PAHANG: MALAYSIA

The Sultan Ahmad Shah State Mosque is Pahang's State Mosque. It is located in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.

It was constructed between 1991 and 1993 by DZJ Architect and Associates.

SULTAN AHMAD SHAH MOSQUE: MALAYSIA ALSO KNOWN AS THE STATE MOSQUE OF PAHANG: MALAYSIA

The Sultan Ahmad Shah State Mosque is Pahang’s state mosque. It is located in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.

It was constructed between 1991 and 1993 by DZJ Architect and Associates. When it was completed, it faced numerous problems including water leaking from the roof but was eventually repaired.

It is named after the historical Sultan Ahmad Al’Mu’adzam Shah, who founded Pahang’s current royal family in 1890. This mosque faces the city’s wide municipal field, a welcome open green area surrounded also by other important and Heritages from the colonial to the modern era and is a tourist attraction with the mosque as centerpiece.

The mosque is built in a modernized Ottoman-Moorish Islamic style, with four rocket-like minarets and a large half-round decorated dome flanked by four smaller domes. The interior is airily spacious with minimum partitions, able to easily fit in more than 8000 worshippers during the Friday congregational prayers

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

SULTAN AHMAD SHAH MOSQUE: MALAYSIA

THE INNER DESIGNS OF THE SULTAN AHMAD SHAH MOSQUE: MALAYSIA

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

THE UBUDIAH MOSQUE: MALAYSIA

THE UBUDIAH MOSQUE: MALAYSIA

Masjid Ubudiah is Perak's Royal Mosque, and is located in the royal town of Kuala Kangsar, Malaysia.

Masjid Ubudiah - ranking high on the list of Malaysia's most beautiful mosques, the Masjid Ubudiah (or Ubudiah Mosque) stands proudly and majestically in Kuala Kangsar, with its golden dome and minarets creating a spellbinding sight, from near and afar.

The mosque was designed by Arthur Benison Hubback, a government architect who is notably credited for the design of the Ipoh railway station and the Kuala Lumpur Railway Station.

Built in 1917 during the reign of the 28th Sultan of Perak, Sultan Idris Murshidul'adzam Shah, the Masjid Ubudiah is located beside the Royal Mausoleum on Bukit Chandan. It was commissioned on the orders of the Sultan, who vowed that he would build a mosque of great beauty as thanksgiving for recovery from an illness which plagued him in those early days.

The construction of the mosque was not without difficulties. Work was interrupted several times, once when two elephants belonging to the sultan's and Raja Chulan were fighting and ran over and damaged the imported Italian marble titles.

The mosque was finally completed in late 1917 at a total cost of RM200,000- quite an astronomical figure for those days. It was officially declared open by Sultan Abdul Jalil Karamtullah Shah, successor to Sultan Idris. This imposing structure is now a symbol of great pride to all Muslims in the state of Perak Darul Ridzuan, the Land of Grace.

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

THE UBUDIAH MOSQUE: MALAYSIA

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

THE JAMEK MOSQUE KUALA LUMPUR: MALAYSIA

THE JAMEK MOSQUE KUALA LUMPUR: MALAYSIA

Jamek Mosque is one of the oldest mosques in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It is located at the confluence of the Klang and Gombak River and was designed by Arthur Benison Hubback.

The Sultan of Selangor officially opened the mosque in 1909, two years after construction was completed. The mosque was built on the first Malay burial ground in the city. Before the national mosque, Masjid Negara, was opened in 1965, Masjid Jamek served as Kuala Lumpur's main mosque.

The mosque has a Moorish, Indo-Saracenic or Mughal architecture. Across the Gombak River stands the Sultan Abdul Samad Building, a building that was designed by the same architect and shares a similar style.

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

THE NATIONAL MOSQUE OF MALAYSIA

The National Mosque of Malaysia is located in Kuala Lumpur. It has a capacity of 15,000 people and is situated among 13 acres (53,000 m²) of beautiful gardens. The original structure was designed by a three-person team from the Public Works Department - UK architect Howard Ashley, and Malaysians Hisham Albakri and Baharuddin Kassim. The mosque was built in 1965 on the site of a church, the Venning Road Brethren Gospel Hall which had stood there since 1922 but appropriated by the Malaysian government. The mosque is a bold and modern approach in reinforced concrete, symbolic of the aspirations of a then newly independent Malaysia.

Its key features are a 73-metre-high minaret and an 16-pointed star concrete main roof. The umbrella, synonymous with the tropics, is featured conspicuously - the main roof is reminiscent of an open umbrella, the minaret's cap a folded one. The folded plates of the concrete main roof is a creative solution to achieving the larger spans required in the main gathering hall. Reflecting pools and fountains spread throughout the compound.

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

THE NATIONAL MOSQUE OF MALAYSIA

Minaret of the National Mosque

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

THE NATIONAL MOSQUE OF MALAYSIA

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

THE NATIONAL MOSQUE OF MALAYSIA

FRIDAY'S JUMAAH SALAAT IN THE MAIN PRAYER'S HALL

Malaya gained its Independence from the British government on 31 August 1957. Major development programs in areas of economy, social and architecture were actively implemented in line with the new government. The programs were also to portray new progressive culture and achieved democracy. Therefore, on 30 July 1957, in the meeting of the Federal Executive Council an idea to build a National Mosque as a symbol of the country’s independence was mooted. In another meeting on 5 March 1958, Chief Ministers of the eleven states in the Federation of Malaya, a proposal was made to name the mosque Masjid Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj, in recognition of Yang Teramat Mulia Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj’s efforts in guiding the country to gaining independence. However, Tunku refused this honour; on the contrary he named it Masjid Negara in thanksgiving for the country’s peaceful independence without bloodshed .

The mosque underwent major renovations in 1987, and the once-pink concrete roof is now clad in green and blue tiles. Today, Masjid Negara continues to stand sleek and stylish against the Kuala Lumpur skyline. An underground passage leads to the National Mosque located near the railway station, along Jalan Sultan Hishamuddin. Its unique modern design embodies a contemporary expression of traditional Islamic art calligraphy and ornamentation. Near the mosque is the Makam Pahlawan (Heroes' Mausoleum), a burial ground of several Malaysian politicians. Makam Pahlawan is a 7-pointed star concrete roofed structure.

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

SULTAN ABU BAKR STATE MOSQUE OF JOHOR: MALAYSIA

Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque (Malay:Masjid Negeri Sultan Abu Bakar) is the state mosque of Johor, Malaysia. Located along Jalan Skudai, Johor Bahru, the mosque was constructed between 1892 and 1900, under the direction of Sultan Abu Bakar.

Tuan Haji Mohamed Arif bin Punak was the architect of the mosque. He intentionally based much of its appearance on colonial English Victorian Architecture as noted by the minarets that take the form of British 19th century clocktowers. The architecture of the mosque additionally includes some Moorish Architecture elements, along with some minor Malay influence. Tuan Haji Mohamed Arif bin Punak was supervised by the Johor government engineer Dato' Yahya bin Awalluddin who communicated the Anglophile sentiments of Sultan Ibrahim ibni Sultan Abu Bakar who was the Sultan of Johor at that time. This Anglophile influence can further be seen in the British architectural influences not only on the Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque but also in several others government and palace buildings in Johor constructed during the same period.

The mosque sits on top of a prominent hill, overlooking the Straits of Johor. The mosque is named for Sultan Abu Bakar, the father of Sultan Ibrahim who ordered its construction.

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

SULTAN ABU BAKR STATE MOSQUE OF JOHOR: MALAYSIA

A NIGHT'S VIEW OF THE 

SULTAN ABU BAKR STATE MOSQUE OF JOHOR: MALAYSIA

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

THE KOTA KINABALU CITY MOSQUE: MALAYSIA

THE KOTA KINABALU CITY MOSQUE: MALAYSIA

The Kota Kinabalu City Mosque is the second main mosque in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia after the State Mosque. It was officially opened on 2 February 2000  following a proclamation of Kota Kinabalu as city status.

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

THE KOTA KINABALU CITY MOSQUE: MALAYSIA

THE KOTA KINABALU CITY MOSQUE: MALAYSIA

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

THE CRYSTAL MOSQUE IN KAULA TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA

The mosque is located in the in the Islamic Heritage Park in Wan man Island. Mosque was built between the years 2006 to 2008 and was officially opened on 8 February 2008 by 13th in Pertuan Agong, Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu. The mosque in lightly coat the steel, glass and crystal that is used as the main ingredient in the development of three and form a look that is truly remarkable and it’s amazing. Crystal Mosque has a capacity to accommodate more than 1,500 worshippers at one time and made one of the most beautiful Mosques in the world. This mosque is the mosque of tourism are good with interesting sites. Build the mosque to spend the funds very much at all. You come to this mosque will get carried away once excited, because you can enjoy the beauty of the mosque here, which was very good. The mosque is an awful lot of tourists from different countries to come here, to see the beauty of the mosque is a very solid foundation of all.

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

THE CRYSTAL MOSQUE IN KAULA TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA

THE CRYSTAL MOSQUE IN KAULA TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

THE KAPITAN KELING MOSQUE PENANG: MALAYSIA

The Kapitan Keling Mosque is a mosque built in the 19th century by Indian Muslim traders in George Town Penang Malaysia. It is situated on the corner of Lebuh Buckingham (Buckingham Street) and Jalan Masjid Kapitan Keling (Pitt Street).

"Keling" is a Malay term for people of Indian origin, nowadays considered offensive but not so considered at the time when the mosque was built. The "Kapitan" was a representative of the Indian community, like the "Kapitan Cina" for the Chinese community.

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

THE PUTRAJAYA MOSQUE CITY OF PUTRAJAYA: MALAYSIA

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

THE PUTRAJAYA MOSQUE CITY OF PUTRAJAYA: MALAYSIA

THE PUTRAJAYA MOSQUE CITY OF PUTRAJAYA: MALAYSIA

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

THE PUTRAJAYA MOSQUE CITY OF PUTRAJAYA: MALAYSIA

DOME OF THE PUTRAJAYA MOSQUE

BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES OF THE WORLD:

FEDERAL TERRITORY MOSQUE: KUALA LAMPUR: MALAYSIA

FEDERAL TERRITORY MOSQUE: KUALA LAMPUR: MALAYSIA

The Federal Territory Mosque or Masjid Wilayah Persekutuan is a major mosque in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It is located near Matrade complex and the Federal Government Complex off Jalan Duta.

The Kuala Lumpur Mosque was constructed between 1998 and 2000. It is situated on a five hectare site near the Government Office Complex along Jalan Duta. The Wilayah Persekutuan (Federal Territory) Mosque was opened to the public on October 25, 2000 and was officiated by the 12th Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin ibn Almarhum Syed Putra Jamulall. It is the 44th mosque built by the Government within the city limits. The mosque can accommodate 17,000 worshippers at any one time.

The mosque's design is a blend of Ottoman and Malay architectural styles, heavily influenced by the Blue Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey. It has 22 domes made from a composite material of glass fibre fabric mixed with epoxy resin to make it durable and light.