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Probe of Canje, Kaieteur oil blocks…SARA’s lead investigator listed on pending application for adjoining oil block


 

Last May, the State Assets Recovery Agency (SARA) officially confirmed with the local media that it was conducting an investigation into the award of the Kaieteur and Canje oil blocks.

An excerpt of the application made by ABR Oil and Gas Exploration for the Block C licence

These blocks were awarded by former President, Donald Ramotar, to three companies just before the 2015 General and Regional Elections.Heading that probe is SARA’s Special Assistant, Eric Phillips. The SARA official has continuously told members of the media that the probe of the Kaieteur and Canje blocks is necessary since the firms that got the licences– Ratio Guyana, Ratio Energy Limited, and Mid-Atlantic Oil and Gas–have no track record or wherewithal to independently explore and develop the blocks.

However, documents from the Guyana Geology and Mines Commission (GGMC) show that Phillips, who also has no track record in oil exploration, is one of the beneficial owners of a company called ABR Oil and Gas Exploration.
This company has applied for a licence to explore the block that is adjoining to Kaieteur and Canje.
Referred to as Block C, this offshore concession, which Phillips has an interest in is fixed in ultra deep waters.
According to the application seen by this newspaper, the ABR beneficial owners are listed as Seasoned Engineer, Charles Ceres (25%); former Guyana Goldfields Country Manager, Violet Smith (25%); Osafo George, a local businessman (25 %) and Eric Phillips (15 %).
None of these individuals has any track record of exploration and development of offshore blocks, which are located in ultra-deep waters. The only two companies in the world with this capability are ExxonMobil and Petrobras.

SARA Official, Eric Phillips

The application also called for the full particulars of technical competence and previous experience in oil prospecting or oil field development work including a record of petroleum exploration and production in Guyana and elsewhere.
To this, the applicants noted the following using two lines: “Country Manager- Takutu Oil and Gas and Groundstar Resources and Engineering Consultant- Takutu Oil and Gas and Groundstar Resources.”
This publication understands that Takutu Oil and Gas Inc. was formed by Groundstar Resources Ltd, a Canadian company, and is in partnership with another Canadian firm called Canacol Energy Ltd.
Before relinquishing the licence to drill the onshore Takutu block, both companies had done some gravity survey on the block and had drilled one well.
Furthermore, the application for the licence lists two individuals as ABR’s technical experts: Patrick Assad Ceres, who is an environmental engineer; he happens to be the son of Charles Ceres and Aisha Jean-Baptiste, a geologist, is the daughter of Violet Smith.
The applicants noted that they have US$5M at present to expend on operations under the licence being applied for.
These would include gathering geo-scientific data, its subsequent assessment along with purchasing of additional data, identification of potential targets and drilling of prospects.
They further noted that the company is Guyanese-owned and they intend to utilise Guyanese petroleum engineers and geologists in its work should the licence be granted.
Receipt # 6100198 as seen by this newspaper, shows that $394,000 was paid to GGMC for the licence through the Bank of Nova Scotia. The payment was received on October 16, 2016 at 14:24 hrs.
Kaieteur News tried several times yesterday to contact Phillips for a comment on this issue but he did not take the calls. Kaieteur News then messaged the SARA official via Facebook Messenger and indicated that his comment is being sought for a story.
When this was explained, he said that Kaieteur News should speak with Charles Ceres on the matter. Asked if he is still part of ABR, Phillips said, “No…I am not.”
Up to press time, there was no response when this newspaper asked Phillips to state if his departure from the company was before or after he was put in charge of the SARA probe into the Kaieteur and Canje oil blocks.
When Ceres was contacted, he explained that Phillips was one of the founding members of ABR, which stands for African Business Roundtable and he was not aware that he had resigned. The engineer confirmed that Block C was applied for by the African Business Roundtable.
He made it pellucid however, that he is no longer with ABR and had resigned since his 65th birthday, which was September last.
BLOCK C
A few months ago, Head of the Energy Department, Dr. Mark Bynoe, had said that Guyana may be ready for a next licensing round of its offshore blocks, come the first quarter of 2020.
Dr. Bynoe had said that the licensing round is likely to be subjected to an open bid process. Ceres told this newspaper that he agrees with this move as it would maximise more profits for Guyana.
Dr. Bynoe had noted however that he would not want to go forward with the licensing round with Guyana’s old laws. He insisted that the principal Act, being the Petroleum Exploration and Production Act, needs to be reviewed, with the necessary amendments passed by the National Assembly.
It was hoped that that would have been achieved this year.
Furthermore, Dr. Bynoe revealed that his Department is slated to complete a gap analysis of existing legislation. He said that this gap analysis and the reviewed principle Act will set a strong foundation of transparency and accountability for the licensing round that would follow.
He said, too, that it will allow for the Department to draft any replacement or supplementary law that it might need for the sector.

 

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Too many contradictions in this KN report emanating from Phillips....and Ceres....

If its true, CERES and PHILLIPS and others shamelessly accused their accusers of racism....this story is evolving....

V
VishMahabir posted:

Too many contradictions in this KN report emanating from Phillips....and Ceres....

If its true, CERES and PHILLIPS and others shamelessly accused their accusers of racism....this story is evolving....

Vish M, like you wishing that you had connections like those two men? 

Prashad
Prashad posted:

Is Eric investigating himself?   Prashad wants a gig like that.  Looks like Ceress may have connections to the PPP also.  He may be in the mix also. 

Yes.  Eric is investigating himself.  PNC is displaying a level of barefacedness that is previously unknown to mankind.

Bibi Haniffa
Bibi Haniffa posted:
Prashad posted:

Is Eric investigating himself?   Prashad wants a gig like that.  Looks like Ceress may have connections to the PPP also.  He may be in the mix also. 

Yes.  Eric is investigating himself.  PNC is displaying a level of barefacedness that is previously unknown to mankind.

PNC has always been barefaced. They have the ability to steal your property and then blame you for not securing it properly allowing them to steal it.

FM

what exactly is there to investigate . . . it's an application?

the Coalition Gov't has NOT awarded the oil block applied for since 2016 by this jokey fly-by-nite 'oil' company!!

the PPP on the other hand handed a whole deep water oil field to a battam house operation owned by Edris Dookie a day before Exxon start drilling Liza 1 right next door

in fact, given the nods of approval by important sectors of civil society to the PPP theft of the Canje block (GCCI please raise alyuh haan), i am considering an application to the Coalition for a deep water block myself

slow thinking Indo-Klan members posting ignorance here

smfh

FM
ronan posted:

what exactly is there to investigate . . . it's an application?

the Coalition Gov't has NOT awarded the oil block applied for since 2016 by this jokey fly-by-nite 'oil' company!!

the PPP on the other hand handed a whole deep water oil field to a battam house operation owned by Edris Dookie a day before Exxon start drilling Liza 1 right next door

in fact, given the nods of approval by important sectors of civil society to the PPP theft of the Canje block (GCCI please raise alyuh haan), i am considering an application to the Coalition for a deep water block myself

slow thinking Indo-Klan members posting ignorance here

smfh

Banna,

stop you foolishness...corruption is corruption....if it wasnt exposed, who knows the extent...and what else lay hidden away from the public?

PPP friends may have taken a bigger bite of the apple, but that does not make it right, the coalition should find a way to nullify that problem, rather than putting their hands in the cookie jar.

V
VishMahabir posted:
ronan posted:

what exactly is there to investigate . . . it's an application?

the Coalition Gov't has NOT awarded the oil block applied for since 2016 by this jokey fly-by-nite 'oil' company!!

the PPP on the other hand handed a whole deep water oil field to a battam house operation owned by Edris Dookie a day before Exxon start drilling Liza 1 right next door

in fact, given the nods of approval by important sectors of civil society to the PPP theft of the Canje block (GCCI please raise alyuh haan), i am considering an application to the Coalition for a deep water block myself

slow thinking Indo-Klan members posting ignorance here

smfh

Banna,

stop you foolishness...corruption is corruption....if it wasnt exposed, who knows the extent...and what else lay hidden away from the public?

PPP friends may have taken a bigger bite of the apple, but that does not make it right, the coalition should find a way to nullify that problem, rather than putting their hands in the cookie jar.

Phillips' battam house company made an "application" in 2016

it's 2019 and they have been granted NOTHING!

what's the "big[] bite of the apple" you are braying about?

where's the "corruption" again?

get an education, study some LOGIC and stop posting sophomoric shyte

idiot

FM

uhhhu...

careful banna...you are in a gordian knot trying to untangle yourself...

suh...lets try an independent source...since you dont like my logic....

 

SARA 0fficial listed as Director of Supplies and Logistics Services company for oil and gas sector


– Other government officials included

The Special Assistant of the State Asset Recovery Agency (SARA), Eric Phillips, is not only listed as a party on a pending application for an oil block, but also as a director for a supplies and logistics services company for the oil and gas sector.
According to the Certificate of Incorporation seen by this newspaper, the entity is called ABR (African Business Roundtable) Oil and Gas Supplies and Logistics Services Inc. It was incorporated on December 7, 2016.
Along with Phillips, the other Directors include: Consultant and GPL Chairman, Rawle Lucas; Aisha Jean-Baptiste, a Geologist; Charles Ceres, a Veteran Engineer; and Selwin George, a local businessman.

SARA Special Assistant, Eric Phillips

GPL CEO, Rawle Lucas

Phillips is the lead investigator on the award of two blocks by former President, Donald Ramotar, to three companies just before the 2015 General and Regional Elections. The SARA official has continuously told members of the media that the probe of the Kaieteur and Canje blocks is necessary since the firms that got the licences– Ratio Guyana, Ratio Energy Limited, and Mid-Atlantic Oil and Gas–have no track record or wherewithal to independently explore and develop the blocks.
However, there are documents at the Guyana Geology and Mines Commission (GGMC) which show that Phillips, who also has no track record in oil exploration, is one of the beneficial owners of a company called ABR Oil and Gas Exploration.
This company has applied for a licence to explore the block that is adjoining to Kaieteur and Canje.
Referred to as Block C, this offshore concession, which Phillips has an interest in, is fixed in ultra deep waters.
According to the application seen by this newspaper, the ABR beneficial owners are listed as Seasoned Engineer, Charles Ceres (25%); former Guyana Goldfields Country Manager, Violet Smith (25%); Osafo George, a local businessman (25 %) and Eric Phillips (15 %).
None of these individuals has any track record of exploration and development of offshore blocks, which are located in ultra-deep waters. The only two companies in the world with this capability are ExxonMobil and Petrobras.
The application also called for the full particulars of technical competence and previous experience in oil prospecting or oil field development work, including a record of petroleum exploration and production in Guyana and elsewhere.
To this, the applicants noted the following using two lines: “Country Manager- Takutu Oil and Gas and Groundstar Resources and Engineering Consultant- Takutu Oil and Gas and Groundstar Resources.”
This publication understands that Takutu Oil and Gas Inc. was formed by Groundstar Resources Ltd, a Canadian company, and is in partnership with another Canadian firm called Canacol Energy Ltd.
Before relinquishing the licence to drill the onshore Takutu block, both companies had done some gravity survey on the block and had drilled one well.
Furthermore, the application for the licence lists two individuals as ABR’s technical experts: Patrick Assad Ceres, who is an environmental engineer, who happens to be the son of Charles Ceres; and Aisha Jean-Baptiste, a geologist, who is the daughter of Violet Smith.
The applicants noted that they have US$5M at present to expend on operations under the licence being applied for.
These would include gathering geo-scientific data, its subsequent assessment along with purchasing of additional data, identification of potential targets and drilling of prospects.
They further noted that the company is Guyanese-owned and they intend to utilise Guyanese petroleum engineers and geologists in its work should the licence be granted.
Receipt # 6100198 as seen by this newspaper, shows that $394,000 was paid to GGMC for the licence through the Bank of Nova Scotia. The payment was received on October 16, 2016 at 14:24 hrs.
Kaieteur News tried several times on Saturday to contact Phillips for a comment on this issue but he did not take the calls. Kaieteur News then messaged the SARA official via Facebook Messenger and indicated that his comment is being sought for a story.
When this was explained, he had said that Kaieteur News should speak with Charles Ceres on the matter. Asked if he is still part of ABR, Phillips said, “No…I am not.” There was no response when this newspaper had asked Phillips to state if his departure from the company was before or after he was put in charge of the SARA probe into the Kaieteur and Canje oil blocks.
When Ceres was contacted, he explained that Phillips was one of the founding members of ABR, which stands for African Business Roundtable and he was not aware that he had resigned. The engineer confirmed that Block C was applied for by the African Business Roundtable.
He made it pellucid however, that he is no longer with ABR and had resigned since his 65th birthday, which was September last. He told Kaieteur News that up to the time of his resignation, Phillips was still a member of ABR.

V
VishMahabir posted:

Too many contradictions in this KN report emanating from Phillips....and Ceres....

If its true, CERES and PHILLIPS and others shamelessly accused their accusers of racism....this story is evolving....

THere is no contradiction. These are insiders scheming for land concessions to improve their fortunes. Eric Phillips has no capacity to bootstrap himself. Never had a real job despite his credentials. He is doing exactly what he accused the PPPites of doing...hoping to get rich on the state's dime through give aways 

FM
ronan posted:
VishMahabir posted:
ronan posted:

what exactly is there to investigate . . . it's an application?

the Coalition Gov't has NOT awarded the oil block applied for since 2016 by this jokey fly-by-nite 'oil' company!!

the PPP on the other hand handed a whole deep water oil field to a battam house operation owned by Edris Dookie a day before Exxon start drilling Liza 1 right next door

in fact, given the nods of approval by important sectors of civil society to the PPP theft of the Canje block (GCCI please raise alyuh haan), i am considering an application to the Coalition for a deep water block myself

slow thinking Indo-Klan members posting ignorance here

smfh

Banna,

stop you foolishness...corruption is corruption....if it wasnt exposed, who knows the extent...and what else lay hidden away from the public?

PPP friends may have taken a bigger bite of the apple, but that does not make it right, the coalition should find a way to nullify that problem, rather than putting their hands in the cookie jar.

Phillips' battam house company made an "application" in 2016

it's 2019 and they have been granted NOTHING!

what's the "big[] bite of the apple" you are braying about?

where's the "corruption" again?

get an education, study some LOGIC and stop posting sophomoric shyte

idiot

intent is as good as the deed here. He is on record for saying the PPP kith and kin got land when they did not deserve it through insider dealing. He is doing the same.

FM
Stormborn posted:
VishMahabir posted:

Too many contradictions in this KN report emanating from Phillips....and Ceres....

If its true, CERES and PHILLIPS and others shamelessly accused their accusers of racism....this story is evolving....

THere is no contradiction. These are insiders scheming for land concessions to improve their fortunes. Eric Phillips has no capacity to bootstrap himself. Never had a real job despite his credentials. He is doing exactly what he accused the PPPites of doing...hoping to get rich on the state's dime through give aways 

Agreed...too bad Ronan cant see this.

V
VishMahabir posted:

uhhhu...

careful banna...you are in a gordian knot trying to untangle yourself...

suh...lets try an independent source...since you dont like my logic....

 

SARA 0fficial listed as Director of Supplies and Logistics Services company for oil and gas sector

AND this one?

No special info informed land applications – Bristol says

-tightlipped on proposed ventures

Marlon Bristol

Marlon Bristol, the head of the Project Management Office of the Ministry of the Presidency, said that when he applied to the Guyana Lands and Surveys Commission (GLSC) for lands two years ago, he had no insider information and they were all for his specific projects.

“I went through the process like any other person etcetera,” Bristol told Stabroek News via phone when contacted.

 

“I never had any insider information. Like I said, the process involves sending a letter, doing an inspection etcetera, etcetera. So I never had any information that seems to be whatever the allegations are saying,” he added.

Bristol would not say what projects he intends to use the three parcels of lands, at Bohemia Berbice; Mocha, East Bank Demerara and Dallawalla at Linden for, as he believes “that that is for the [Guyana] Lands and Surveys [Commission] to address.”….

V
VishMahabir posted:
VishMahabir posted:

uhhhu...

careful banna...you are in a gordian knot trying to untangle yourself...

suh...lets try an independent source...since you dont like my logic....

 

SARA 0fficial listed as Director of Supplies and Logistics Services company for oil and gas sector

AND this one?

No special info informed land applications – Bristol says

-tightlipped on proposed ventures

Marlon Bristol

Marlon Bristol, the head of the Project Management Office of the Ministry of the Presidency, said that when he applied to the Guyana Lands and Surveys Commission (GLSC) for lands two years ago, he had no insider information and they were all for his specific projects.

“I went through the process like any other person etcetera,” Bristol told Stabroek News via phone when contacted.

 

“I never had any insider information. Like I said, the process involves sending a letter, doing an inspection etcetera, etcetera. So I never had any information that seems to be whatever the allegations are saying,” he added.

Bristol would not say what projects he intends to use the three parcels of lands, at Bohemia Berbice; Mocha, East Bank Demerara and Dallawalla at Linden for, as he believes “that that is for the [Guyana] Lands and Surveys [Commission] to address.”….

This is another crook SN is not posting my comments to him. The land behind Bohemia I know well. I fished in the area as a kid. It is an inter-tidal swamp. Local people make their ends meet fishing in this area. This crook would not have laid eyes on it. He is laying claim to it from maps.

Additionally, he does not have the money to develop it. Lets be real, it is always below sea level and always swamp. To develop it means millions of inflow. The reason it was crown land was because the area was used as a buffer to the Ocean tides.

Reclaim that area and the whole coast in that area will be at the mercy of an Atlantic breach. This claim is to squat on it for resale or to leverage capital from anyone who will want to use the area and has the money.

The PPP proposed a refinery in the area. Maybe this land grab here is to stymie that proposal. 

 

 

FM
Last edited by Former Member

SARA 0fficial listed as Director of Supplies and Logistics Services company for oil and gas sector


 

Other government officials included

The Special Assistant of the State Asset Recovery Agency (SARA), Eric Phillips, is not only listed as a party on a pending application for an oil block, but also as a director for a supplies and logistics services company for the oil and gas sector.
According to the Certificate of Incorporation seen by this newspaper, the entity is called ABR (African Business Roundtable) Oil and Gas Supplies and Logistics Services Inc. It was incorporated on December 7, 2016.
Along with Phillips, the other Directors include: Consultant and GPL Chairman, Rawle Lucas; Aisha Jean-Baptiste, a Geologist; Charles Ceres, a Veteran Engineer; and Selwin George, a local businessman.

SARA Special Assistant, Eric Phillips

GPL CEO, Rawle Lucas

Phillips is the lead investigator on the award of two blocks by former President, Donald Ramotar, to three companies just before the 2015 General and Regional Elections. The SARA official has continuously told members of the media that the probe of the Kaieteur and Canje blocks is necessary since the firms that got the licences– Ratio Guyana, Ratio Energy Limited, and Mid-Atlantic Oil and Gas–have no track record or wherewithal to independently explore and develop the blocks.
However, there are documents at the Guyana Geology and Mines Commission (GGMC) which show that Phillips, who also has no track record in oil exploration, is one of the beneficial owners of a company called ABR Oil and Gas Exploration.
This company has applied for a licence to explore the block that is adjoining to Kaieteur and Canje.
Referred to as Block C, this offshore concession, which Phillips has an interest in, is fixed in ultra deep waters.
According to the application seen by this newspaper, the ABR beneficial owners are listed as Seasoned Engineer, Charles Ceres (25%); former Guyana Goldfields Country Manager, Violet Smith (25%); Osafo George, a local businessman (25 %) and Eric Phillips (15 %).
None of these individuals has any track record of exploration and development of offshore blocks, which are located in ultra-deep waters. The only two companies in the world with this capability are ExxonMobil and Petrobras.
The application also called for the full particulars of technical competence and previous experience in oil prospecting or oil field development work, including a record of petroleum exploration and production in Guyana and elsewhere.
To this, the applicants noted the following using two lines: “Country Manager- Takutu Oil and Gas and Groundstar Resources and Engineering Consultant- Takutu Oil and Gas and Groundstar Resources.”
This publication understands that Takutu Oil and Gas Inc. was formed by Groundstar Resources Ltd, a Canadian company, and is in partnership with another Canadian firm called Canacol Energy Ltd.
Before relinquishing the licence to drill the onshore Takutu block, both companies had done some gravity survey on the block and had drilled one well.
Furthermore, the application for the licence lists two individuals as ABR’s technical experts: Patrick Assad Ceres, who is an environmental engineer, who happens to be the son of Charles Ceres; and Aisha Jean-Baptiste, a geologist, who is the daughter of Violet Smith.
The applicants noted that they have US$5M at present to expend on operations under the licence being applied for.
These would include gathering geo-scientific data, its subsequent assessment along with purchasing of additional data, identification of potential targets and drilling of prospects.
They further noted that the company is Guyanese-owned and they intend to utilise Guyanese petroleum engineers and geologists in its work should the licence be granted.
Receipt # 6100198 as seen by this newspaper, shows that $394,000 was paid to GGMC for the licence through the Bank of Nova Scotia. The payment was received on October 16, 2016 at 14:24 hrs.
Kaieteur News tried several times on Saturday to contact Phillips for a comment on this issue but he did not take the calls. Kaieteur News then messaged the SARA official via Facebook Messenger and indicated that his comment is being sought for a story.
When this was explained, he had said that Kaieteur News should speak with Charles Ceres on the matter. Asked if he is still part of ABR, Phillips said, “No…I am not.” There was no response when this newspaper had asked Phillips to state if his departure from the company was before or after he was put in charge of the SARA probe into the Kaieteur and Canje oil blocks.
When Ceres was contacted, he explained that Phillips was one of the founding members of ABR, which stands for African Business Roundtable and he was not aware that he had resigned. The engineer confirmed that Block C was applied for by the African Business Roundtable.
He made it pellucid however, that he is no longer with ABR and had resigned since his 65th birthday, which was September last. He told Kaieteur News that up to the time of his resignation, Phillips was still a member of ABR.

FM

According to the application seen by this newspaper, the ABR beneficial owners are listed as Seasoned Engineer, Charles Ceres (25%); former Guyana Goldfields Country Manager, Violet Smith (25%); Osafo George, a local businessman (25 %) and Eric Phillips (15 %).
None of these individuals has any track record of exploration and development of offshore blocks, which are located in ultra-deep waters. The only two companies in the world with this capability are ExxonMobil and Petrobras.

he Special Assistant of the State Asset Recovery Agency (SARA), Eric Phillips, is not only listed as a party on a pending application for an oil block, but also as a director for a supplies and logistics services company for the oil and gas sector.
According to the Certificate of Incorporation seen by this newspaper, the entity is called ABR (African Business Roundtable) Oil and Gas Supplies and Logistics Services Inc. It was incorporated on December 7, 2016.

FM
Stormborn posted:
ronan posted:
VishMahabir posted:
ronan posted:

what exactly is there to investigate . . . it's an application?

the Coalition Gov't has NOT awarded the oil block applied for since 2016 by this jokey fly-by-nite 'oil' company!!

the PPP on the other hand handed a whole deep water oil field to a battam house operation owned by Edris Dookie a day before Exxon start drilling Liza 1 right next door

in fact, given the nods of approval by important sectors of civil society to the PPP theft of the Canje block (GCCI please raise alyuh haan), i am considering an application to the Coalition for a deep water block myself

slow thinking Indo-Klan members posting ignorance here

smfh

Banna,

stop you foolishness...corruption is corruption....if it wasnt exposed, who knows the extent...and what else lay hidden away from the public?

PPP friends may have taken a bigger bite of the apple, but that does not make it right, the coalition should find a way to nullify that problem, rather than putting their hands in the cookie jar.

Phillips' battam house company made an "application" in 2016

it's 2019 and they have been granted NOTHING!

what's the "big[] bite of the apple" you are braying about?

where's the "corruption" again?

get an education, study some LOGIC and stop posting sophomoric shyte

idiot

intent is as good as the deed here. He is on record for saying the PPP kith and kin got land when they did not deserve it through insider dealing. He is doing the same.

banna, stop your hysterical nonsense

the only 'crime' here is HYPOCRISY!

you really need to stop this hussle to prove that you are as ignorant as your knuckle dragging antagonists on this forum

smh

FM
ronan posted:
Stormborn posted:

intent is as good as the deed here. He is on record for saying the PPP kith and kin got land when they did not deserve it through insider dealing. He is doing the same.

banna, stop your hysterical nonsense

the only 'crime' here is HYPOCRISY!

you really need to stop this hussle to prove that you are as ignorant as your knuckle dragging antagonists on this forum

smh

As I said, he is to be criticized precisely for his sanctimonious pontificates about honesty integrity in these kinds of deals. He is also investigating the PPP for insider deals when he is trying to grab land similarly for himself. I never stated it was a crime. It however is no less rent seeking than anything he is investigating or has accused the PPP of condoning. 

Claiming you have the larger head size is just that, a claim. I would ask you evaluate its density.  Is  it air  or a concretion? 

FM

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