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Ramjattan implores PPP to cease promoting ethnic division

August 20, 2015 | By | Filed Under News 

–    says “it will do no good for Guyana” By Abena Rockcliffe

Minister Ramjattan during his presentation

Minister Ramjattan during his presentation

Vice President and Minister of National Security, Khemraj Ramjattan yesterday pleaded with members of the People’s Progressive Party (PPP) to stop the promotion of ethnic division in Guyana. The Minister made this call in the National Assembly as he took the floor to make his contribution to the Budget debate. Ramjattan spoke extensively on crime and security, but before getting to that aspect of his presentation, the Minister sought to “set the record straight.” Members of the opposition have been repeatedly making references on the floor of the National Assembly to “ethnic cleansing.” Many of these references were in response to the APNU+AFC government’s move to stop paying over 2,000 Amerindians to be Community Support Officers (CSOs). With racism being such a taboo subject, none of the government’s Members of Parliament who have spoken so far, attempted to address it. However, Ramjattan, who was regarded by his colleagues as “the big man himself” boldly, addressed the issue. “I want to make mention of what the opposition has been doing with regards to all the talk about this ethnic cleansing…It would do the country no good unless the actual facts are stated with regards to the CSOs.” Before stating what he labeled as “the facts,” Ramjattan sought to caution the PPP that its political tactics in this regard would do more harm than anything else for Guyana. As he continued, Ramjattan asserted that the CSOs could not be regarded as employees of the State, as there were no contracts of employment, no terms and conditions and no real wage. He reminded that APNU and the AFC, while in opposition, had opined that it is not wise to dole out money to the Amerindians for no good reason. “We always objected…we said over and over that it was not the way to go; to give over 2000 people $30,000 each for doing no real work. What you guys were doing was buying the votes of the Amerindians.” Stressing that the 2,000 youths were never actually employed, Ramjattan said that his government has better plans for the Amerindians. He then held up a piece of paper which he said proved that the PPP government had only planned to pay the CSOs up to April, days before the holding of the last elections. “We did not knock off anybody, because they were never employed. So you must not give the impression that the people were terminated and then state that it was ethnic cleansing. You guys were only going to pay them until April and I have Cabinet records to prove it.” Speaking about a new arrangement that is set to be put in place, Ramjattan said that many of the CSOs can now register for skills training under a hinterland programme for employment preparation “in that way, if they register for the training, they will get the money, but you just don’t dole out money like that.” “So it was not ethnic cleansing, you guys were doing some…” Before he could have completed his sentence, his colleague, Foreign Affairs Minister Carl Greenidge shouted “you were using tax dollars to pay people to do PPP work.” It was then Ramjattan continued “yes, all you guys were doing was buying votes.” He further stated that despite the fact that PPP may want to call the new government de facto, “the fact is we are the government of the day and if the people feel we are not doing a good job democracy will take its course and they can make another choice.” “All the international experts that Cheddi Jagan used to call up came: the OAS, Carter Center and all of them said yes, indeed this election was free and fair. The independent election Commission said that it was free and fair, you can still go for your recounts, but you must have some respect for this government. Don’t try to say we are doing any ethnic cleansing.” In response to this, PPP MP Gail Teixeira, stretched her hands straight out in front of her then started to move them up and down in unison with her head as if bowing in reverence as she sarcastically shouted, “hail, hail.”

Replies sorted oldest to newest

Originally Posted by seignet:

Ramjattan should read the Black Racist on this site. Black racism is justified and open with bullyism, but coolie racism is closeted and quiet

this is fascinating

 

please give examples for each on GNI

 

thanks

FM
Last edited by Former Member

Ramjattan asserted that the CSOs could not be regarded as employees of the State, as there were no contracts of employment, no terms and conditions and no real wage. He reminded that APNU and the AFC, while in opposition, had opined that it is not wise to dole out money to the Amerindians for no good reason. “We always objected…we said over and over that it was not the way to go; to give over 2000 people $30,000 each for doing no real work. What you guys were doing was buying the votes of the Amerindians.”

Mitwah
Originally Posted by Mitwah:

Ramjattan asserted that the CSOs could not be regarded as employees of the State, as there were no contracts of employment, no terms and conditions and no real wage. He reminded that APNU and the AFC, while in opposition, had opined that it is not wise to dole out money to the Amerindians for no good reason. “We always objected…we said over and over that it was not the way to go; to give over 2000 people $30,000 each for doing no real work. What you guys were doing was buying the votes of the Amerindians.”

Indians have a serious problem. In 1992, after they won the elections, all they talked about was the PNC 28 years. Now, this coolie azz referencing about the PPP. For how long will he that? Get on with the job.

S
Originally Posted by redux:
Originally Posted by seignet:

Ramjattan should read the Black Racist on this site. Black racism is justified and open with bullyism, but coolie racism is closeted and quiet

this is fascinating

 

please give examples for each on GNI

 

thanks

Redux, you racist, you and your buddy Carib, should  take a look at the two letters, one by Ravi Dev, in today's KN. It summarizes the Indian and Black problems very well, as well as the concerns of both ethnic groups.  

V
Last edited by VishMahabir
Originally Posted by seignet:
Originally Posted by Mitwah:

Ramjattan asserted that the CSOs could not be regarded as employees of the State, as there were no contracts of employment, no terms and conditions and no real wage. He reminded that APNU and the AFC, while in opposition, had opined that it is not wise to dole out money to the Amerindians for no good reason. “We always objected…we said over and over that it was not the way to go; to give over 2000 people $30,000 each for doing no real work. What you guys were doing was buying the votes of the Amerindians.”

Indians have a serious problem. In 1992, after they won the elections, all they talked about was the PNC 28 years. Now, this coolie azz referencing about the PPP. For how long will he that? Get on with the job.

He will be the one the coalition will put up to go against the PPP, so it does not look like its a "racial" thing.

V

This is what the PNC wants to hear.  His job is to rip the PPP apart and embarrassed them.  There is no unity in the alliance.  When you have 90% afros in the Government, how can you say that the PNC is a unified party?.

When you fired Indos and replaced them with afros, how can you say that that the PNC is a unified party.?

 

R
Originally Posted by Ramakant-P:

This is what the PNC wants to hear.  His job is to rip the PPP apart and embarrassed them.  There is no unity in the alliance.  When you have 90% afros in the Government, how can you say that the PNC is a unified party?.

When you fired Indos and replaced them with afros, how can you say that that the PNC is a unified party.?

 

They just appoint a square Peg as Region 6 Chief Medical Officer. BLOODY IDIOTS!!!!!!!!!

Nehru
Originally Posted by Mitwah:

Ramjattan asserted that the CSOs could not be regarded as employees of the State, as there were no contracts of employment, no terms and conditions and no real wage. He reminded that APNU and the AFC, while in opposition, had opined that it is not wise to dole out money to the Amerindians for no good reason. “We always objected…we said over and over that it was not the way to go; to give over 2000 people $30,000 each for doing no real work. What you guys were doing was buying the votes of the Amerindians.”

Rumjaatan was the man, that stated " I will lock-up all you rass" and now begging for unity. There is very little given to the Amerindians by the PNC, before and even now. Look at the budget cuts in the PPP support areas and now in the Amerindian regions, don't these coolie ministers see the facts or are they blinded with ignorance. PNC is using Moses and Rumjaatan as attack DOGS against their own race, if you can't see that ,well you are just like them. Sorry , I forget you on their PAYROLL.

K
Originally Posted by kp:
Originally Posted by Mitwah:

Ramjattan asserted that the CSOs could not be regarded as employees of the State, as there were no contracts of employment, no terms and conditions and no real wage. He reminded that APNU and the AFC, while in opposition, had opined that it is not wise to dole out money to the Amerindians for no good reason. “We always objected…we said over and over that it was not the way to go; to give over 2000 people $30,000 each for doing no real work. What you guys were doing was buying the votes of the Amerindians.”

Rumjaatan was the man, that stated " I will lock-up all you rass" and now begging for unity. There is very little given to the Amerindians by the PNC, before and even now. Look at the budget cuts in the PPP support areas and now in the Amerindian regions, don't these coolie ministers see the facts or are they blinded with ignorance. PNC is using Moses and Rumjaatan as attack DOGS against their own race, if you can't see that ,well you are just like them. Sorry , I forget you on their PAYROLL.

Bhai, Dat is what HOUSE SLAVES are there for!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Nehru
Originally Posted by seignet:

Ramjattan should read the Black Racist on this site. Black racism is justified and open with bullyism, but coolie racism is closeted and quiet. 

You have been asked many times by myself and itaname and redux as to what we say that is racist.  You have FAILED to respond, but yet YOU have made many statements playing to stereotypes of blacks as being violent and bullies. 

 

Others here have called us lazy, and claimed that we would have died if Indians never arrived in Guyana, and that we are lucky to be living in a country with so many hard working Indians.

 

THAT is racist. 

 

NOT saying that in Guyana Indian racism=African racism and that BOTH groups have suffered as a result.

FM
Last edited by Former Member
Originally Posted by seignet:

Ramjattan should read the Black Racist on this site. Black racism is justified and open with bullyism, but coolie racism is closeted and quiet. 

Has Ramjattan ever visited an Amerindian community and observed that these young workers were doing nothing? Which Amerindian leader has complained about the hiring of these workers and the work they did?

Z
Originally Posted by Zed:
Originally Posted by seignet:

Ramjattan should read the Black Racist on this site. Black racism is justified and open with bullyism, but coolie racism is closeted and quiet. 

Has Ramjattan ever visited an Amerindian community and observed that these young workers were doing nothing? Which Amerindian leader has complained about the hiring of these workers and the work they did?

Have you ever gone to heaven and check out those virgins in waiting?

Mitwah
Originally Posted by Zed:
Originally Posted by seignet:

Ramjattan should read the Black Racist on this site. Black racism is justified and open with bullyism, but coolie racism is closeted and quiet. 

Has Ramjattan ever visited an Amerindian community and observed that these young workers were doing nothing? Which Amerindian leader has complained about the hiring of these workers and the work they did?

The PPP didn't plan to keep them employed.  This was a vote buying scheme, and so their services would have no longer been needed.

 

Your point?  And why is it beneficial to pay people for doing no work?  Isnt it not better to assist them to find gainfull employment? 

 

But then the PPP wanted to reduce a segment of the Amerindian and African populations into dependent mendicancy.   Their problem being that "blackman too damn ungrateful" as they would take the bribe, and still vote PNC.

FM
Last edited by Former Member
Originally Posted by Mitwah:
Originally Posted by Zed:
Originally Posted by seignet:

Ramjattan should read the Black Racist on this site. Black racism is justified and open with bullyism, but coolie racism is closeted and quiet. 

Has Ramjattan ever visited an Amerindian community and observed that these young workers were doing nothing? Which Amerindian leader has complained about the hiring of these workers and the work they did?

Have you ever gone to heaven and check out those virgins in waiting?

One is reality and the other is faith-based. It was a simple question. I have visited several Amerindian communities, had discussions with leaders, workers and community members and have not heard anything that is in congruence with what Ramjattan posited. After the elections and with the discontinuance of the programme, community leaders in the communities I Visited expressed opposition to the move.

Z

Minister Allicock charges… PPP closed the CSO programme –Not the gov’t, as is being claimed

 

VICE-President and Minister of Indigenous Peoples’ Affairs, Sydney Allicock, on Wednesday, sought to clear the air on “false allegations” made by the People’s Progressive Party/Civic (PPP/C) that the Government has dismissed some 2000 Community Support Officers (CSOs).According to Allicock, it was not the Government that dismissed the CSOs but rather it was the PPP/C which had “shut down this programme without letting them (CSOs) know. It is clear from the evidence that the former PPP Government had severed or cut loose the CSOs,”Allicock said.
Clearing the air, Minister Allicock said, “I wish to place on the record that my Government has not fired or dismissed the estimated 1,972 CSOs, as is being falsely alleged by the PPP Opposition. The former PPP Government had made no financial allocation for CSOs beyond April 2015.”
According to the minister, Cabinet had to arrive at a decision to provide a subsidy to the CSOs. “By Cabinet decision, dated March 18, 2015, the sum of $234,240,000 was approved for 1,952 Community Support Officers as stipends for the period January to April 2015,” the minister stated.
He noted that the CSOs were recruited under a political scheme called Youth Entrepreneurship and Apprenticeship Programme (YEAP). They were not contracted employees or public servants. “All they were offered, on a periodic basis, was a stipend of $30,000 each month,” Minister Allicock highlighted.
In addition, he said, “It appeared that the PPP Government had shut down the programme, and left the CSOs exposed after using them as political activists in the so-called ‘Red Shirt Brigade’ to join picket lines and campaign for the PPP.”

YOUTH DEVELOPMENT
The minister noted that from September 1, 2015, YEAP will be replaced by the Hinterland Employment and Youth Service. This programme is a new scheme, which will provide sustainable jobs for youths in hinterland communities. This initiative will also ensure that persons who were employed as CSOs undergo training so that they can be re-employed.
It is also expected to train thousands of other youths, while paying them stipends, so as to ensure that they receive relevant skills, allowing them to pursue sustainable livelihoods and a good life. (GINA)

 

http://guyanachronicle.com/min...as-is-being-claimed/

Mars
Originally Posted byNehru:

THIS HOUSE SLAVE WAS GIVEN A TALKING POINt FROM MASSA GRANGER AFTER CLEANING GRANGER TOILET AND BLOWING HIM!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

 How's yo breath lately...pine sol?

cain
Last edited by cain
Originally Posted by caribny:
Originally Posted by Zed:
Originally Posted by seignet:

Ramjattan should read the Black Racist on this site. Black racism is justified and open with bullyism, but coolie racism is closeted and quiet. 

Has Ramjattan ever visited an Amerindian community and observed that these young workers were doing nothing? Which Amerindian leader has complained about the hiring of these workers and the work they did?

The PPP didn't plan to keep them employed.  This was a vote buying scheme, and so their services would have no longer been needed.

 

Your point?  And why is it beneficial to pay people for doing no work?  Isnt it not better to assist them to find gainfull employment? 

 

But then the PPP wanted to reduce a segment of the Amerindian and African populations into dependent mendicancy.   Their problem being that "blackman too damn ungrateful" as they would take the bribe, and still vote PNC.

Please see my response to Mitts. Also, as I have stated several times, I am not responsible for anything the PPP has done. I had thought that the April thing was a budget allocation and budget year matter. For the communities I have visited, these individuals preformed useful work in the community and were missed when their employment was not continued.

 

when time permits, we might be able  get into a serious discussion on vote buying and its role in retention of power. 

 

i do agree that it is beneficial to help people gain employment. It is tragic that so many youths leave the school system, either as graduates or having dropped out and cannot find employment, or not find employment in their field of expertise. This occurs in the city and in the countryside among all races but predominantly among the two major races. question to ponder - does the exception prove the rule or does it point to the weakness of making generalizations? 

Z
Originally Posted by Zed:
.

Please see my response to Mitts. Also, as I have stated several times, I am not responsible for anything the PPP has done. I had thought that the April thing was a budget allocation and budget year matter.

The PPP was in power after April, so had the time to allocate funds beyond that.

 

This was a vote buying scheme, and there were no plans to extend it further, otherwise funds would have already been allocated.  With elections in May, there would have been no new budget until after then.

 

And what skills were these people gaining that would have allowed them to become independent, and able to find work for themselves?

 

And what adds fat to the fire is when the PPP virtually kidnapped some tochaos, and tried to bully them into not attending the annual Tochao meeting.  Even when out of power, the PPP still tries to treat Amerindians as children.

FM
Last edited by Former Member
Originally Posted by caribny:
Originally Posted by Zed:
.

Please see my response to Mitts. Also, as I have stated several times, I am not responsible for anything the PPP has done. I had thought that the April thing was a budget allocation and budget year matter.

The PPP was in power after April, so had the time to allocate funds beyond that.

 

This was a vote buying scheme, and there were no plans to extend it further, otherwise funds would have already been allocated.  With elections in May, there would have been no new budget until after then.

 

And what skills were these people gaining that would have allowed them to become independent, and able to find work for themselves?

 

And what adds fat to the fire is when the PPP virtually kidnapped some tochaos, and tried to bully them into not attending the annual Tochao meeting.  Even when out of power, the PPP still tries to treat Amerindians as children.

Would employment itself not create some skills, etc? Also,  I know that job-embedded professional development is the best form of PD. I now that some of the skills I Learnt when I had my first set of Jobs in Canada are still with me and I know they made me better able to function in the job environment  there.

 

I am unaware of any kidnapping of at tashaos or virtual kidnapping of them. I was off line for approx eight days because I was on holidays. I do agree with you that Amerindians have been marginalized in our society, as in many others. We need to go beyond platitudes and political discourse. In the long term, they will have to decide for themselves what they want their future to be and the national government and other agencies will then have to work with them to achieve that. The first step is for them to be involved in decisions that affect their communities and community members. Make no mistake about this, both major political parties and the UF have used the Amerindians in their politics.

Z
Originally Posted by Zed:
 

Would employment itself not create some skills, etc? Also,  I know that job-embedded professional development is the best form of PD. I now that some of the skills I Learnt when I had my first set of Jobs in Canada are still with me and I know they made me better able to function in the job environment  there.

 

I am unaware of any kidnapping of at tashaos or virtual kidnapping of them. I was off line for approx eight days because I was on holidays. I do agree with you that Amerindians have been marginalized in our society, as in many others. We need to go beyond platitudes and political discourse. In the long term, they will have to decide for themselves what they want their future to be and the national government and other agencies will then have to work with them to achieve that. The first step is for them to be involved in decisions that affect their communities and community members. Make no mistake about this, both major political parties and the UF have used the Amerindians in their politics.

Patronage jobs create a state of dependency.  The PPP bribed for votes by doing this.  What skills did those people get? Plus PPP bribed tochaos aren't a credible source of information, especially as many will change their tune, once APNU/AFC largesse begins to pour their way.

 

There was money to pay these people up to April (up to elections)  The PPP was in power up to May 11th.  Can you explain why there was not money allocated to pay these people longer than this?

 

The fact that you are unaware that some tochaos visting G/town were hijacked by PPP officials, warned not to attend the national tochao conferences, and bribed to return is your issue.  This allegation was made and the PPP hasn't denied this, so clearly the reports aren't false.  And in fact this behavior is much in keeping with the Jagdeo modus.

 

Giving Jagdeo carte blanche to ru(I)n the PPP will ensure its demise.  He is a dictator, and a power drunk lunatic in the same way as Forbes Burnham was.  However the world has changed and has less patience for that "Big Man" rule that was the case up to the 70s. 

 

Aside from Ralph Gonzalves of St Vincent, Bouterse, and maybe the President of Haiti, there are NO "BIG MAN" leaders left in CARICOM.  We will see if the Vincentian don't boot him out, just like Guyanese booted out the Ramotar puppet regime, which we now can confirm was a Jagdeo front.  And just like how people from St Kitts Nevis also got rid of their BIG MAN.

FM
Last edited by Former Member
Originally Posted by Demerara_Guy:

Perhaps Ramjattan, a senior member in the government, is completely unaware of the activities of the PNC.

 

Minister Ramjattan during his presentation

Give him some time. PNC will kick him aside.

FM
Originally Posted by yuji22:
Originally Posted by Demerara_Guy:

Perhaps Ramjattan, a senior member in the government, is completely unaware of the activities of the PNC.

 

Minister Ramjattan during his presentation

Give him some time. PNC will kick him aside.

Ramjattan should stop being fixated on BJ and start proving himself.  He was very critical of the PPP and their "incompetency", now he win, show abie his "competency", we waiting!!

FM
Originally Posted by caribny:
Originally Posted by Zed:
 

Would employment itself not create some skills, etc? Also,  I know that job-embedded professional development is the best form of PD. I now that some of the skills I Learnt when I had my first set of Jobs in Canada are still with me and I know they made me better able to function in the job environment  there.

 

I am unaware of any kidnapping of at tashaos or virtual kidnapping of them. I was off line for approx eight days because I was on holidays. I do agree with you that Amerindians have been marginalized in our society, as in many others. We need to go beyond platitudes and political discourse. In the long term, they will have to decide for themselves what they want their future to be and the national government and other agencies will then have to work with them to achieve that. The first step is for them to be involved in decisions that affect their communities and community members. Make no mistake about this, both major political parties and the UF have used the Amerindians in their politics.

Patronage jobs create a state of dependency.  The PPP bribed for votes by doing this.  What skills did those people get? Plus PPP bribed tochaos aren't a credible source of information, especially as many will change their tune, once APNU/AFC largesse begins to pour their way.

 

There was money to pay these people up to April (up to elections)  The PPP was in power up to May 11th.  Can you explain why there was not money allocated to pay these people longer than this?

 

The fact that you are unaware that some tochaos visting G/town were hijacked by PPP officials, warned not to attend the national tochao conferences, and bribed to return is your issue.  This allegation was made and the PPP hasn't denied this, so clearly the reports aren't false.  And in fact this behavior is much in keeping with the Jagdeo modus.

 

Giving Jagdeo carte blanche to ru(I)n the PPP will ensure its demise.  He is a dictator, and a power drunk lunatic in the same way as Forbes Burnham was.  However the world has changed and has less patience for that "Big Man" rule that was the case up to the 70s. 

 

Aside from Ralph Gonzalves of St Vincent, Bouterse, and maybe the President of Haiti, there are NO "BIG MAN" leaders left in CARICOM.  We will see if the Vincentian don't boot him out, just like Guyanese booted out the Ramotar puppet regime, which we now can confirm was a Jagdeo front.  And just like how people from St Kitts Nevis also got rid of their BIG MAN.

In at least two of the communities, I am not regarded as an outsider. Furthermore, I did do some work with the community workers in their roles, so not unisource. Yes, it is anecdotal. Regarding the Tashaos. So this is an allegation with no charges laid. I guess where there is smoke there is some fire. One has to accept the wisdom of the voters regardless of whether they choose someone we are not in favour of. Regarding jagdeo, many in the PPp will argue different. Time will tell. Slowly, the dictators  and caudillos are being turfed out, replaced by democratic and more responsive governments. There is some debate whether this is all good.  I do not think that the average guy or girl in an Amerindian village cares whether their job is patronage. It puts money in the pocket. What about those jobs handed out by both the PNC and PPP governments. Many people are forced to accept jobs because of circumstances and make the most of it, develop themselves so that they can move out and move on. It is easy for someone not faced with these circumstances to pontificate.

Z
Originally Posted by Zed:
  I do not think that the average guy or girl in an Amerindian village cares whether their job is patronage.

Patronage jobs are designed to buy votes.  Once the election passes they disappear, as the votes are already cast.  Or a new gov't comes in and doesn't see why party hacks of the opposition should be rewarded.

 

So how does this help those who have become dependent on those jobs?  If these were real jobs then they would have been permanent. but being patronage jobs these aren't created because of the value created, so are easily ended when some bureaucratic sees fit.

FM
Last edited by Former Member
Originally Posted by caribny:
Originally Posted by Zed:
  I do not think that the average guy or girl in an Amerindian village cares whether their job is patronage.

Patronage jobs are designed to buy votes.  Once the election passes they disappear, as the votes are already cast.  Or a new gov't comes in and doesn't see why party hacks of the opposition should be rewarded.

 

So how does this help those who have become dependent on those jobs?  If these were real jobs then they would have been permanent. but being patronage jobs these aren't created because of the value created, so are easily ended when some bureaucratic sees fit.

As far as I know, these jobs were created a considerable time before the elections. Secondly, in any Amerindian community, there is a high level of unemployment. Anything that helps to put food on the table is better than nothing. I still believe that even if the job is short term or political patronage, one can develop skills that will make one more employableare in the future. 

 

Most elections  are about buying votes with the taxpayer money. Or the money donated to the political parties, lots of promises about jobs, employment, in addition to services, etc. Are these jobs creating dependency?

Z
Originally Posted by Zed:
As far as I know, these jobs were created a considerable time before the elections. Secondly, in any Amerindian community, there is a high level of unemployment. Anything that helps to put food on the table is better than nothing. I still believe that even if the job is short term or political patronage, one can develop skills that will make one more employableare in the future. 

 

Most elections  are about buying votes with the taxpayer money. Or the money donated to the political parties, lots of promises about jobs, employment, in addition to services, etc. Are these jobs creating dependency?

what "jobs"/"skills" are you babbling about here?

 

defending indefensible acts of the PPP with incoherence and stupidity is a bloody shame and lowers you below even the very low bar set for bitter-ender tribal ignars on GNI

FM
Last edited by Former Member
Originally Posted by Zed:
 

As far as I know, these jobs were created a considerable time before the elections.

And yet the PPP did not build these jobs into a PERMANENT budgetary allocation.

 

How does it help people if their jobs are short term, and aren't such that they can make a transition to something more permanent?  That keeps people in dependent poverty, but then this is all the PPP sees with Amerindians.

FM

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