Deo Phagoo, P.Eng.

I know this guy ,TK and Deo went to the same school on the EBD.

Average Cost for 1MW Solar is US$1Million .Let's do the math 250MW Solar will cost US$250M .

https://www.profitableventure....d-solar-farm-margin/

The PPP has blindfolds on, the country do not need Amalia at this time. It needs power but not that costly.

@seignet posted:

The PPP has blindfolds on, the country do not need Amalia at this time. It needs power but not that costly.

2 hours of sunshine can power Guyana for 1 year — GEA’s Dr. Sharma

Feb 19, 2022

https://www.kaieteurnewsonline.com

…as country spends US$150M importing fuel for electricity

By Gary Eleazar

Kaieteur News – Inviting conference delegates to embrace a transition towards renewable sources of energy in the future such as solar and literally “drive on sunshine”, Head of the Guyana Energy Agency (GEA), Dr. Mahender Sharma has indicated that Guyana currently receives enough sunshine every two hours, to power the country’s present electricity demands for an entire year.
Dr. Sharma was at the time addressing delegates at the first ever Energy Conference and Expo, on Thursday last, organised by Chairman Anthony White and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Angenie Abel, along with coordinators and venued at the Marriott International Hotel. The event wrapped up on Friday.

He was, at the time, tasked with providing delegates and other stakeholders with an update from GEA on renewable energy projects in Guyana and noted as example, the fact that using the solar panels installed at that government agency’s offices, he is able to charge his electric car on weekends that proves sufficient for his transportation needs during the course of the weeks.
Prefacing his update on Guyana’s renewable energy projects, he noted that the country last year imported some 20,300 barrels of oil daily spending about US$150M to meet electricity generation demands.

He noted importantly that the power supplied by the Guyana Power and Light (GPL) Incorporated, through the Demerara Berbice Interconnected System (DBIS) only caters for about 78 percent of the citizenry.
The GEA head in his presentation used the import figures to illustrate, “we are still fairly dependent on fossil fuel; our expenditure for those fossil fuel imports for the electricity sector amounted to US$150M in 2021.”
According to Dr. Sharma, DBIS, “the grid that is providing much of the electricity, accounts for about 78 percent of that total cost.”

TRIPLING DEMAND

With this in mind, Dr. Sharma indicated that capacity is needed to meet the growing demand for electricity, a situation compounded by the removal of aging power generation sets.
Dr. Sharma too, in his presentation referenced the assertion promulgated by government officials at the conference that Guyana’s electricity demands will triple in the next five years.
As such, he posited, “if we are to remain on the business as usual direction, we would be faced with high consumer cost, tripling of greenhouse gas emissions and a steady increase thereafter.”
In terms of making Guyana the energy capital of the Region, as adumbrated by Head-of-State, President Irfaan Ali when he took Office, Dr. Sharma noted that the new energy mix is intended to include the use of solar photovoltaic systems, in addition to hydro and wind.
The objectives, he said, are built around the expanded Low Carbon Development Strategy (LCDS), “looking at expanding renewable energy across the country, decoupling economic growth from the use of fossil fuel and approaching a low carbon direction.”
The GEA head noted that natural gas is only meant to be used in the short term, providing the capacity needed at a lower generation cost, compared to the Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) presently used by GPL.
With regard present initiatives, delegates were provided with an update on solar farms already constructed, under construction or to be constructed.
These include a solar farm in Mabaruma, another at Lethem in Region Nine, and one at the Caricom Secretariat, the GEA building and at Bartica, among other locations including 290 government buildings.
According to Dr. Sharma, “the installed capacity for the solar farms alone represents 39MW over the next few years.”

LETHEM 100% RENEWABLE

He elucidated saying, this would be coming from 13 solar farms and 28 solar mini-grids.This is in addition to the installation of some 30,000 solar home units, among other initiatives.
He noted too that the administration was looking to install two small hydro plants in Lethem, Region Nine that would be complemented by a solar farm, so “on that singular mountain range alone, you have the Moco Moco, Kumu (small hydro power plants) and a solar farm providing 100 percent renewable energy for Lethem.”
Having outlined some of the initiatives, Dr. Sharma indicated to those in attendance that, “we (Guyana) get quite a bit of energy from the sun, every two hours, we get about 430 quintillion joules.”
As such, he concluded that in “one hour and 20 minutes, we receive the same amount of energy that we consume for an entire year, only from the sun.”
With this in mind, he told the delegates “the potential for solar is huge.”
He said that by 2030, based on domestic projections, 30 percent of our energy is going to come from renewable energy and by 2040 that goes up to 70 percent with a combination of hydro, wind and solar.
Dr. Sharma did note, however, that in order to achieve the outlined objectives, there needs to be additional investments into activities such as grid modernisation and qualified his position saying, “it’s important, to get the grid to perform the way we need it, the outages (blackouts) sometimes are driven by those issues.”
According to Dr. Sharma, “a significant amount of investment is needed to get to that point.”
He noted that it is the expectation that government would in future press to utilise solar more and more with the improvements in battery and hydrogen technology, “to get to the point where we can utilise more of this (solar).”

Django is eminently qualified to work for either Sharma or Glen Lall.  LOL 

Oil and Gas Pipeline Construction Costs

Source -- https://www.gem.wiki/Oil_and_G...e_Construction_Costs

Summary

The following are ranges for pipeline cost estimates. For further discussion, see below:

• Oil & Gas Journal 2015-2016: $4.75 million/km (US onshore gas)
• Oil & Gas Journal 2014-2015: $3.23 million/km (US onshore gas)
• American Petroleum Institute 2017: $3.32 million/km (US onshore gas, national average)
• Global Fossil Infrastructure Tracker median for 64 onshore and offshore projects: $2.34 million/km (date unspecified, worldwide)

Background

There are four categories of pipeline construction costs; material, labor, miscellaneous, and right-of-way (ROW). The cost per category, expressed as a percentage of total construction costs, tends to vary by both location and year. Materials may include line pipe, pipe coating, and cathodic protection. Miscellaneous costs generally cover surveying, engineering, supervision, contingencies, telecommunications equipment, freight, taxes, allowances for funds used during construction (AFUDC), administration and overheads, and regulatory filing fees. ROW costs include obtaining rights-of-way and allowing for damages.^[1]

Current Trends

Pipelines built in 2015 and 2016 were historically expensive, as determined by the costs for new projects as filed by operators with FERC, according to an Oil & Gas Journal analysis. For proposed onshore US gas pipeline projects in 2015-16, the average cost was $7.65 million/mile ($4.75 million/km), up from both the 2014-15 average cost of $5.2 million/mile ($3.23 million/km) and the 2013-14 average cost of $6.6 million/mile ($4.10 million/km). In 2012-13 the average cost was $4.1 million/mile ($2.55 million/km) as compared with $3.1 million/mile ($1.93 million/km) in 2011-12; $4.4 million/mile ($2.73 million/km) in 2010-11; $5.1 million/mile ($3.17 million/km) in 2009-10; and $3.7 million/mile ($2.30 million/km) in 2008-09.^[1]

For the 33 land spreads filed for in 2015-16, cost-per-mile projections rose in all categories except material. In 2011 miscellaneous charges passed material to become the second most expensive cost category and they retained this position through 2016. Material-$992,991/mile, down from $1,012,698/mile 2014-15. Labor-$3,603,334/mile, up from $1,977,938/mile for 2014-15. Miscellaneous-$2,615,028/mile, up from $1,867,393/mile for 2014-15. ROW and damages-$441,548/mile, up from $378,255/mile for 2014-15. The continued rise in miscellaneous costs is driven by companies increasing the amount set aside for contingencies in their estimates.^[1]

Labor spiked as a portion of land construction costs, reinforcing its place as the single most expensive category. Labor's portion of estimated costs for land pipelines jumped to 47.08% in 2016 from 37.77% in 2015, 42.36% in 2014, 38.84% in 2013, 44.61% in 2012, 44.27% in 2011, and 44.61% in 2010. Material costs for land pipelines, meanwhile, eased to 12.98% from 19.34% in 2015, 13.6% in 2014, 23.2% in 2013, 15.99% in 2012, and 14.54% in 2011.^[1]

Average Pipeline Size

Pipeline cost is often estimated per inch-mile. According to NaturalGas.org, the average diameter of an interstate pipeline is between 24 inches and 36 inches, or an average of 30 inches.^[2]

Offshore versus Onshore

According to USAID, offshore costs per mile for pipelines were about 1.96 times as high as costs per mile for onshore pipelines in 2000-2001, in 1995-1996 the cost ratio was 1.79.^[3]

Source & rest of article -- https://www.gem.wiki/Oil_and_G...e_Construction_Costs

@Billy Ram Balgobin posted:

Django is eminently qualified to work for either Sharma or Glen Lall.  LOL

You sound like BIBISKI. You should change your handle to Bibiski Rum Balgobin.

Whatever the initial estimate you can be sure that it will go up significantly as the project progresses.  This is always the case.  So, don't be surprised if $1.4 billion becomes $14 billion before the project is completed.